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A. a.(1)(a) i) a)S#$%($0 ($0 0 (($0 0 0   A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)x?t2PleadingHeader for Numbered Pleading Paper (  )(  XX66*'*d666*'*d6\l)1\l)2\l)3\l)4\l)5\l)6\l)7\l)8\l)9)10)11)12)13)14)15)16)17)18)19)20)21)22)23)24)25)26)27)28  .+(72Ѫ$ 5!e!>  p4Heading 2Underlined Heading Flush LeftV4Heading 1Centered Heading@..  b* 8Bullet ListIndented Bullet List0..0` ..`  / /Ѫ'>  .3\.January1994@0/ .,=/doc:IEEEP802.1194/12 X  66*' xd6 i (72Ѫ$ 5!e!>  * `(CG TimesScalable 5 2Ѫ)>  ,.,File:.:1DFWI417.WPD/  /2Printdate:",US ,  (:!&), : January9,1994(11:20am)!  Ԉ X X.X,,.0X^XXX.66*' xd6  3X\ XX0X^Submission@02@    1  A  Ԉ&=2C.RypinskiLACE,Inc.(72Ѫ$ 5!e!>  () Z6Times New Roman Regular3|i(!e$> d8^AZ"Arial Regular<=?@C<< C&p d Pd &0 d dLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(82P$ 5!e!>  1, 2, 3,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  AA' dxdP Pd#(83P$ 5!e!>  66663 ShadowdZdJQOLE Generated ObjectG=HIA<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  'dxdWPC,#,#p! p51+1*"!    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F !B--- %BBEFGHHII I H H GB--% C E F H H HGFECC ---$ KKQQLLQQ L L Q QK---% KKQQLLQQ L L Q QK---V$)S T T V W X X X X W V T TSSSTUVWXYYXXWVTTTVW X Y Y Y XVUS S ---V%)S T T V W X X X X W V T TSSSTUVWXYYXXWVTTTVW X Y Y Y XVUS S ---$ [[aa\\aa \ \ a a[---% [[aa\\aa \ \ a a[---F$!g g k k jgdd c c cddfghijjiigedd d f g h i j j g ---F%!g g k k jgdd c c cddfghijjiigedd d f g h i j j g ---$$llmp p p sttsspomml---$%llmp p p sttsspomml---$ vv||ww|| w w | |v---% vv||ww|| w w | |v---$ ~~ ~---% ~~ ~---$ ---% ---$     ---%     --- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  !  ! !---4%           --% ---B$JKKIGEEDDDEEFGIJKKJIGFEEEFGHIJJ---B%JKKIGEEDDDEEFGIJKKJIGFEEEFGHIJJ--- !Q !P !N !R !M !S !M !T !M !T !M !T !M !T !M !T !M !S !N !R !O---*%MMNPQRSTTUUUTSQONMM--"%NNPQRTTTSSRQPNN---$ VVW\\]]\WWV---% VVW\\]]\WWV---$ __`eeffe``_---% __`eeffe``_---$ ggmmhhmmhhmmg---% ggmmhhmmhhmmg---@$uvvtsppoooqrstuvvutsqppprsttuu---@%uvvtsppoooqrstuvvutsqppprsttuu---$ zzww~~{{z---% zzww~~{{z---$---%--- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !---*%--"%---$ ---% ---^$----^%-------$o\o,q,q\o\--Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 =P#>  U Figure  1   0pSuggestedalternatediagramfortheDFWProtocol  StackshowninFigure35ofP802.1193/190.( $ Figure  1  HRRRRRRRRRRRR$@Rd@R>@RRR@R@R$@R?RRRRRTABLE ARY)YYYYYYY ?Y @Y @Y @YYY@YI@YI@YA@YYYYYY @Y@Y@Y@Y@YY B@Y 0@Y "@Y @YY ?Y @Y @Y @Y @Y Q%@Y 9@Y 333333V@Y  @TABLE AYTABLE ATABLE A 5!e!>  XX.1@]^+5 .7ś .IEEE802.11  X @ 5% V 802LANAccessMethodforWirelessPhysicalMedium66*' xd6 ( 7Xś X 7ś DATE: ` January6,1994 } % 66*' _ xd6 O   AUTHOR: ` 4ChandosA.Rypinski, L    `  ` ChiefTechnicalOfficer ` LACE,Inc.R\@5Tel:+014153896659    ` 655RedwoodHighway#340,@5Fax:+014153896746    ` MillValley,CA94954USA=5Em:rypinski@netcom.com   66*' xd6 ^   TITLE:` EVALUATIONOFTHEDFWMAC0p. [ p(#p(# 66*' {xd6 , 7%ś% X7Xś  zi SUMMARY  m TheDFWMACisgravelyflawedifmeasuredagainstthestatedobjectivesofthe802.11Committee.Thiscontributionsummarizesthemostseriousoftheseasslidesforpresentation.Oneapproachtoaremedyistoamendtherequirementsuntilthereisapartialfittothecapabilities.Somepossibilitiesalongthislinearealsoshown.Thegeneralthrustofthepointschosen,arethosewhicharearchitecturalratherthandetailed.ExaminationoftheseobjectionswillshowfundamentalphilosophicaldifferenceswithmuchoftheconstituencyfortheDFWMACspecifically:84Contrarytoassertionoftheprimacyof"peertopeer"usage,mostapplicationswillgeneratetrafficthatisprimarily"clientserver"oriented,andlargegainsmaybemadebytakingadvantageofthisfact.Thisassertiondoesnotexcludepeertopeerfordefaultorsecondaryuse. 44 84Negativeorabsenceofinformationcannotbeusedinaradiowirelesssystemasacriteriapermittingtransmissionwithoutgravelimitationsonreliabilityandcapacity 44 84AmethodofdealingwithcochanneluseotherthanLBTisimperativeforcontinuousareacoverage. 44 FurtherdescriptionofbetteralternativephilosophiesisgiveninasecondcontributionIEEEP802.11/9413.  (4#) B  #  #4 044  @ 4$54!4! 7Xś X%7%śEVALUATIONOFTHEDFWMAC #7%ś% X7Xś ##4 O 5݌ ( Ќ  TableofContentsP p N5Page s DISQUALIFYINGPROBLEMS!!Q.p$1   #  # 044  SERIOUSFUNCTIONALLIMITATIONS# 5݌ 4!4! Ќ  4INTHECONTENTIONALLOWEDTIMEALLOCATION!!Q.=1  ; #  # 044  SERIOUSPROBLEMSWITHBEACONANDFRAMEFORMATPRESENT!!!Q.$C4!4!!2# 5݌   Ќ  #  #044  DIFFICULTIESOFOMISSION!!!Q.&4!4!!2#5݌ 3  Ќ  #  #044  POTENTIALNONRESPONSIVENESSTO802.11FUNCTIONALREQUIREMENTS!!!Q. L4!4!!3#5݌ +  Ќ  #  #044  TableISelectedResultsfromTables3.53.8inP802.11/9220!!!Q._N4!4!!3#5݌ { Ќ  #  #044  CONSEQUENCESOFSELECTINGDFWMAC!!!Q.8.4!4!!4#5݌ # Ќ  #  #e044  TableIIRelativeRawCapacityofDFWMACandSAMACin2.4GHzISMBand#e5݌ 4!4! Ќ  4(abridged)!!Q. | 4 C #  #044  REMEDIALPOSSIBILITIES!!!Q. $4!4!!5#5݌  Ќ  ( Figure1SuggestedalternatediagramfortheDFWProtocolStack4showninFigure35ofP802.1193/90!!Q.1h85 c"    #3 8;*) xd8 X @l%C  DISQUALIFYINGPROBLEMS   j  zi1.04lAbsenceofaplanforfrequencyreuseandcontinuousareacoverage(apartfrom  theCSMA/CAtransmitinhibit),andthereforealsoinabilitytoprovideconnectionfreeservicesoverthesameareaasthecontentionservices. 4!4! 2.04lUseofabsenceofornegativeinformationtoenabletransmitinthecarriersensing  x andNetworkAccessVector(networkaccessvectorfunction)functionsleadingto  J unnecessaryandexcessivelossofcapacity. 4!4! 3.04lAmagnitudeoftransferdelayandavailablebandwidthforconnectiontypeservices  W  whichisonlyusefulandacceptableforalocalvoiceintercomfunction. 4!4! 8;*) xd8 d   @ "!5  SERIOUSFUNCTIONALLIMITATIONS |   @ CINTHECONTENTIONALLOWEDTIMEALLOCATION   S  1.04lUseofabsenceofornegativeinformationtoenabletransmitinthecarriersensing,   prioritizationandNAVfunctionsleadstounnecessaryandexcessivelossof g capacity: 4!4! Ѐa.04,fromunnecessarydeferraltootherapparentsignals,t4!4! Ѐb.04,excessiveretrywithbackoff,4!4! Ѐc.04 instabilitywithouttimeoutadded,B4!4! Ѐd.04,degradationtoapureAlohaaccessmethodwhenpowercontrolandadaptive }% receiverthreshholdareadded. 4!4! Ѐe.04,TherewillbedifficultyinscreeningirrelevantNAVmessagescausingunnecessary 2! transmitinhibits. 4!4! 2.04lHighsusceptibilitytoaccidentalandmaliciousjammingandimpoliteaccess ?$ methods 4!4! Ѐa.04,Thecarriersensingwillbeeasilybypassableenablinguseof"channelgrabbers" L' possiblycombinedwithlowlevel"channelholders." 4!4! Ѐb.04,Othersystemshavewatchdogtimersrequiredtopreventaccidentaltransmitter !Y* "lockon." 4!4! 3.04lAbsenceofpacketsegmentationorlimitationonpacketlengthbeyondthosein #f- associatedLANsresultsin: 4!4! Ѐa.04,onetransmissioncan"hog"channeltime.%s 04!4! Ѐb.04,increasedprobabilityofaccesscontentionattheendoflongtransfersandincrease '!2 useofbackoff. 4!4! Ѐc.04 increasesprobabilityofflawedtransfersparticularlywhenthereisnoPHYlevel )#5 FEC. 4!4! 4.04lAbsenceofcentralpowermanagementfunctioncreatesinherentaccessdelayas  +%8 longasone"sleep"time. 4!4! 5.04lMaterialtimeloss,addedpowerdrainandpotentialforgrossmalfunctionfrom"Scan --'; forbetterAP"locatedinStations. -(<4!4! 8;*) xd8 X  @1(C  SERIOUSPROBLEMS   #@ ~ CWITHBEACONANDFRAMEFORMATPRESENT #  X 1.04lThereareoneormorewaitstatesinherentinthetimepartitioningusedwhich  separatesthepartsofonetransaction. 4!4! 2.04lTheonlydefinedconnectiontypeserviceiscompressedvoice.Thetalkspurt    advantageismuchmoredifficulttorealizeinaslotallocatedreservationsystemthanisapparent.Ifimplemented,thesefeaturesshouldbeatapplicationlevel,notintheMAC. 4!4! 3.04lTheinbuiltworstcasetransferdelaysforreservationrelatedservicescanreach X  twoandgenerallyexceedone("super")framelength,andthereforewillresultin2448millisecondsoftransferdelay. 4!4! 4.04lThepollingmethodofaccesscontrolresultsinfurtherinitialworstcaseaccess 7  delayswithafurthercompoundingofwaitstatesandframelengthdelays.Usingpollingforforaccesscontrol,requiresmuchmorefrequentpollsthanarerequiredforbackgroundpolling. 4!4! 5.04lTheproposedPCF(pointcoordinationfunction)onlyincorporatesthosefunctions @ thatareabsolutelyunavailableanyotherway.ThereremainsanumberoffunctionsinstationMACwhicharesimplerandmoreeconomicalimplementedinthePCF. 4!4! 6.04lTheMACServiceModel(Fig35of93/190)doesnotcorrectlyportraythefunction  byoversimplification.ThereisfarlessindependencebetweenthePCFandtheminimalrequiredfunctionsthanportrayed,andthisdifferencewillmakeimplementationverydifficult. 4!4! % K % W 8;*) xd8  # @f$5  DIFFICULTIESOFOMISSION +  4' 1.04lThereisnodefinedcoordinationfunctioncommontomultiplepointcoordination v) functions,andtherefore: 4!4! Ѐa.04,Thepresumptionisthatastationmovingfromonecoveragetoanothermustbe !, reroutedthroughafurtherdistributednetwork. 4!4! Ѐb.04,Thereisnowaytotakeadvantageofmessagessuccessfullyreceivedatadifferent #/ AP/PCFthanthattowhichthestationiscurrentlyassociated. 4!4! Ѐc.04 Thereisnodatabaseandcoordinationsystemforaddressingandsubroutingwhich % 2 canmakeoutsideaccesscommonforanumberofBSAsinaESA. 4!4! 2.04lThereisnomechanismforrecognizingthattheavailabilityofthechannelmaybe ("5 increasedandmoreaccuratebyconsideringthestatusofothercontiguousBSAs. 4!4! 3.04lAbsenceofanyplanneduseoftheadvantagesofaserverassociatedprivileged *$8 accesspointwithhigherassuranceofcoveragetoalloftheassociatedstations. 4!4! 8;*) xd8  W-'= 8;*) xd8 X  @ @"C  POTENTIALNONRESPONSIVENESS   1@ t 5TO802.11FUNCTIONALREQUIREMENTS 1  X 1.04lSincethereservationportionoftheDFWMACisoptional,itwillbepresentona  fractionofallstationsputtingatriskacommonstationtypeforallsystemsregardlessofsize. 4!4! 2.04lThestatementin802.1193/190para3.2limitingthePCFtoonlycertain  y  environments,thisplancannotprovideitsrequiredservicesoveralargepercentage(99.9%required)oftheserviceareaprovidedbythecontentionservice.Evenwiththe1525channelsthattheFHPHYmightprovideforseparationofcoverages,thiswouldonlybeenoughtoreducethemalfunctionstoaminorproportionoftransactions. 4!4! 3.04lInamultipleBSAenvironment,thereisnowaytodefinehowmuchtrafficcanbe &  carriedwithinconstrainedaccessdelayandlostattemptstoobtainservice.Theplancannotcomplywithanyminimumperformancespecification. 4!4! 4.04lThenominaltransferdelaystargetedin"WLANFunctionalRequirements"  (802.11/9220)cannotbeachievedbytheDFWLANcontentionfreeservice. 4!4! 8;*) xd8 M @F hec  TableISelectedResultsfromTables3.53.8inP802.11/9220 ~7  v *jRM6\ ddd Xdd Xdd Xj, dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +   !   Parameter 9  1'!W$ ^PP 1;9  Asynchronous #t%  #9  Synchronous #t&  #  v& 9  Median '  5:  Stddev (  s:  Median )  :  StdDev *  :NominalTransferDelay 5+ @+  $@10$@510 VL)@,  $@10 $@ d@164d@V164 VL*@- d@164 d@  >@30>@V30 TJ)@.  >@30 >@  0T0 4*(@/  0  4TargetNominalTransferDelay 4* x 1  @2@42 SI(N2  @2 @  @5@S5 TJ(N3  @5 @  $@10$@T10 TJ)N4  $@10 $@  ?1?T1 4*(N5  ?1 ? 4Units   6 millisec   7 millisec   8 millisec   9 millisec  :  8;*) xd8 #<   % B 8;*) xd8 X @l  C  CONSEQUENCESOFSELECTINGDFWMAC 5?   1.04lTheamountoftimeandefforttodocumentthisprotocolinstandardsformismuch  largerthaniseitheravailable,necessaryoracceptable. 4!4! 2.04lIfthetechnicalmethodproposedisimplementedinthepresentedform,theresulting (   systemwillbeunserviceablefor: 4!4! 04a.0 4!4!connectiontypeservicesbecauseofexcesstransferdelayandthe 5   existenceofinterferenceormediumcontentionfromcontiguoususerclusters;andfor  ! ! 4b.0 connectionlessservicesrequiringequivalenceto802definedaccuracyand   transferratewiththepresentlyproposedPHYlayers;andfor  ! ! 4c.0 aserveduserdensityandcapacitydemandlevelwhichisadecadeormore !  inferiortoinfrastructurebasedandinterferencelimitedcompetingsystemdesigns.  ! ! 3.04lSincetheoptionalcontentionfreeaspectswillnotbemorethanpartially  satisfactory,theactualshippedproductwillbeonlythecontentionmodeaccompaniedbypromises. 4!4! 4.04lIfthesystemimplementsdistributedadaptivereceiverthreshhold,thesystemwill  degenerateintoanAlohaprotocolundermediumtohighloadconditions. 4!4! 8;*) xd8 '  @B  RelativeRawCapacityofDFWMACandSAMACin2.4GHzISMBand E  P$ *YM6^ dd dd dd dd dd dd RM6\,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +   & PARAMETER %N' %DFWMAC %N( %DFWMAC %N) %SAMAC %N* %SAMAC N+ PHY  a, 1MbpsFH  a- 2MbpsDS  a. 2MbpsDS  a/ 6MbpsDS  a0 Reachmtrs: 6,  1 Y@100Y@6100 VL* 2 Y@100 Y@  I@50I@V50 UK) 3  I@50 I@  I@50I@U50 UK) 4  I@50 I@  A@35A@U35 5+) 5  A@35 A@ 5APIllumin'n:  !-6 Omni  !-7 Omni  !-8 Omni  !-9 Corner  !-: Cellaream2: 8. "; @20000@820,000 ZP,"< @20000 @ @5000@Z5,000 YO+"= @5000 @ @5000@Y5,000 XN+"> @5000 @ @625@X625 6,*"? @625 @ 6Reusefactor:  Q$@ 36(19chnl)  Q$A 16(3chnls)  Q$B 9(3chnls)  Q$C 4(1chnls)  Q$D Rawcap/cell:  %_ E 1Mbps  %_ F 2Mbps  %_ G 2Mbps  %_ H 6Mbps  %_ I RawcapacityadjustedMbps/km2:  *)#M 10.56/chnl200.6perband  );$R 25/chnl75perband  );$W 88.8/chnl266.6perband  );$\ 3,600/chnl3,600perband );$a  8;*) xd8 +x&c   ,&e 8;*) xd8 X @e%5  REMEDIALPOSSIBILITIES ~O   1.04lClassifythecontentiononly(purepeertopeer)portionoftheDFWMACasan  entrylevelsubsetofplural802.11standardswithafactualrepresentationofitscapabilities.TheuseofthisMACshouldbedefinedonlyforthe2.4GHzPHYs. 4!4! 2.04lForbetterperformance,developaCSMA/CArepeaterbasedarchitecturewhere    sleepmodemanagement,filtering,automaticpowercontrol,associationandsomeotherfunctionsbecomepartofaminimalPCFthatisanewprimarymode. 4!4! 3.04lUndertaketogainrelieffromincompatible802.11FunctionalRequirementsforthis   MACalone;orundertaketochangeandreducetheFunctionalRequirementstothatwhichcanbesatisfied. 4!4! 4.04lUndertakeparalleleffortonaMACwiththechangesnecessarytomeetallofthe `  FunctionalRequirementscompetently. 4!4! 8;*) xd8   @=&5THEMACSERVICEMODEL  ) uLETdTPr| ,`',#,#3333g@uuLETdTPr| ,`',#,#3333g@u !!                                                        !!