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V !W !W !X !X !Y !Y !Z !Z ![ ![ !\ !\ !] !] !^ !^ !_ !_ !` !` !a !a !b !b !c !c !d !d !e !e ! f !g !h !i---$%TV^cfhihfc^ZVUTT--$%WWXZ^bdeedb^ZXWW-----.$  :AG KLL:KAGGAK:LLK GA:----|$<  ::AAGH LLMMM:M:LALAHGGHALAL:M:MMMLL HGAA:::A FJK:KAJFFJAK:KJF A:  ----$--$/ / 11/- =f#*  7XXXXX7XX7XX Figure4 0LocationofReusedChannelswith25  ChannelPlan  J $*   5    7XXXXX7XX7XX*,XXXX*0` S"DiscussionofNCRCSMA/CAPresentationsat...May1114...,"C.Rypinski,privately X distributed,13Jun92Availableonrequest.[File1CSMA26C]|~OLE Generated Object 1  K%  6    7XXXXX7XX7XX0` S"ThePotentialofDynamicPowerControl,"W.Diepstraten,NCR,P802.1192/76,July'92#7XG##XXf# Cf@  C Cf@  C Cf@  C J *   8    7XXXXX7XX7XX 330` STheSAMACaccessmethodwasfirstdescribedinthefollowingcontributionsbyC.A.Rypinski:X` (#` (# 0 0` (#(#"AccessProtocolforIVDWirelessLAN,"IEEEP802.11/9119,Mar'91 ` (#` (#  ` "AccessProtocolforIVDWirelessLANPartII,"IEEEP802.11/9180,Jul'91 ` "SequentiallyUsedCommonChannelAccessMethod,"IEEEP802.11/9195,Sep'91Cf@ C  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Un !Vn !Vu !Wn !Wv !Xn !Xv !Yn !Yw !Zn !Zw ![n ![w !\n !\w !]n !]w !^n !^w !_n !_v !`n !`v !an !av !bn !bu ! cn !dn--- %ndnTrTtTuUvUxWxXyZy\y^wbudnd-- %obrbubvav`w^w\wZvXvWuVrVoVob-----$ qqoop----$ppop--&Arial Narrow-- .  -- !x ! y !z !z !{ !{ !| !| !} !} !~ !~ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  !---% xxx{|~--"%~|{zzz---o [ =f#*  $,XX$7XXXXX7XX7XX   Figure5 0UseofReservedSpaceinConsecutive  Frames.A,B,C,E,F,GnormalBW,Dhalfrate,J2doubleratedown,K4doubleratedownonly.{11VC22H.PLTWPC?"?"513+' XC SbbS C hh hh   99 99         rr rr   CCCCCC     }} }}   MM MM            X X  X X        * *  * *              b b  b b         4 4  4 4              n n  n n        ?? ??    xx xx   II II         SSSSSS   $$ $$     ^^ ^^   .. ..      hh hh   99 99         rr rr  CC CC     }} }}   MM MM          XX XX   ** **     bb bb bbPb"%.)r,/2>699>62/r,.)%"bb   4 4  4 4        !! !! l!l! l!l! !! !! >">" >">" """"" ## ## w#w# w#w# ## ## I$I$ I$I$ $$ $$ %% %% %% %% %%%%%% S&S& S&S& && && $'$' $'$' '' '' '' '' ](]( ](]( (( (( .).).).).) )) )) )) )) h*h* h*h* ** ** 8+8+ 8+8+ ++ ++  , ,  , , r,r,r,r,r,r, ,, ,, C-C- C-C- -- -- .. .. |.|. |.|. .. .. 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PrimaryAssumptions  a TheprimaryassumptionsusedforSAMACaremostlydifferentfromthoseoftheDFWMAC,andareasfollows:1)0F 100%coverageoflargeareasmustbepossibleforbothpacketandconnectiontypeservices.J (#(# 2)0F ThePHYisasinglehighratechannelwithallseparationfunctionsaccomplishedbytime  S! multiplexing. (#(# 3)0F Autonomousadhocgroupsarepermittedwherethereisnoinfrastructure,andmaybeoptionally "0# supportedorallowedwheninfrastructureispresent. (#(# 4)0F Theservicesprovidedare802LLCcompatiblepacketLANandNxBchannelsofvirtualcircuit e$ % serviceallwithspecifiedworstcasetransferdelayacrossthewirelessnetwork. (#(# 5)0F TheprimarymodeisatleastanelementalBSA1issupportedbyasingleAP(accesspoint)and B& ' managedbyaPCF(PointCoordinationFunction)independentofthephysicallocationoftheAP. (#(# 6)0F ThecompositecoverageareaofmanyBSAsisanESAwhichismanagedbyanaddedECF (") (ExtendedareaCoordinationFunction),andwithinwhicheachuserstationhasasinglenetworkaddresstoexternalsourcesregardlessoflocation.ThecompositeofallsystemusersisanESS. (#(# 7)0F Toprovideacapabilityofmeetingorcomingclosetothetargetaccessandtransferdelaysdescribed *x%, inIEEE802.11usersurveyevaluations. +L&-(#(# #B% %%7%Xc# BX X %B%@ "MORPHING"THEDFWMACINTOAN X @&INTEGRATEDSERVICES"SAM"(SEQUENTIALASYNCHRONOUSMAC ) }% #B% % XBX#@*5TableofContents|!!G5Page R a  B %B%INTRODUCTION""J.  1  X  PrimaryAssumptions""J.%  "1  F '  '"0 0` (#(#`   TabulationofMajorChangesRequired!""J.$3` (#` (#!1'"=݌  4 Ќ  '  '0 0` (#(#`   TableI"MORPHING"THEDFWMACINTOANINTEGRATEDSERVICESSAMAC!""J.[Q` (#` (#!2'.݌ z " Ќ  '  '"0 0` (#(#`   TableIIPropertyComparisonforDFWMACandSAMAC'"=݌ ` (#` (# Ќ   ` inPrimaryOperatingMode""J.-3 V  '  'k0 0` (#(#`   TableIIIPropertyComparisonforDFWMACandSAMACinContentionfreeService!""J.^` (#` (#!4'k݌ D  Ќ  '  '0 0` (#(#`   TableIVSelectedResultsfromTables3.53.8inP802.11/9220!""J.}P` (#` (#!4'݌ 2  Ќ  &  &0   CONCEPTSANDTECHNOLOGYMODIFICATIONS!""J.f/(#(#!5&݌   Ќ  '  'p0 0` (#(#`   AdditionoftheECF(ExtendedareaControlFunction)!""J.lC` (#` (#!5'p݌   Ќ  '  'q0 0` (#(#`   ImplementationofPositiveControlThroughPCF!""J.7=` (#` (#!5'q݌  Ќ  '  'l0 0` (#(#`   TransactionatatimeSequencing!""J./` (#` (#!5'l݌  Ќ  '  'Y0 0` (#(#`   ChoiceofMACOverPHYLevelMultiplexing!""J.V8` (#` (#!6'Yt݌ n Ќ  )  )O0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   PHYLevelMultiplex:!""J.Z( (# (#!6)Oj݌ \ Ќ  )  )H0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   MACLevelMultiplex:!""J.u-( (# (#!7)Hc݌ J Ќ  )  )A0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   CommonalityofMACforAllServices!""J.7 (# (#!7)A\݌ 8 Ќ  )  )I0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   AvoidingSecondaryAddressingforTimeOffsetAllotments!""J.5"L (# (#!7)Id݌ ~& Ќ  '  'f0 0` (#(#`   FrequencyReuse,OverlappingCoverageandInterferenceLimitedDesign!""J.PT` (#` (#!7'f݌ l Ќ  )  )x 0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   LBT/CSMAReuseDistributedFunction!""J.6: (# (#!8)x ݌ Z Ќ  )  )!0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   SequentialUseofAccessPointsintheSAMAC!""J.@ (# (#!9)!!݌ H Ќ  )  )"0 0` (#(#0 ` ` (#` (#`   SeparationofIndependentSystemsUsingaCommonChannelwithSAMAC!""J.?W (# (#!9)""݌ 6 Ќ  '  '#0 0` (#(#`   CapacityComparisons!p"t"I. \ #` (#` (#!10'##݌ $ Ќ  '  '$0 0` (#(#`   TableVRelativeRawCapacityofDFWMACandSAMAC6in2.4GHzISMBand!p"t"I.X` (#` (#!10'$$݌  Ќ  &  &%0   CRITICALDETAILOPERATINGFUNCTIONS!p"t"I. -(#(#!11&%%݌   Ќ  '  '&0 0` (#(#`   PollingFunction!p"t"I. ^ ` (#` (#!11'&&݌ ! Ќ  '  's'0 0` (#(#`   ResolutionofContentiononRequest!p"t"I.I2` (#` (#!11's''݌ "r Ќ  '  'd(0 0` (#(#`   SleepModeManagement!p"t"I.p$` (#` (#!12'd((݌ #`  Ќ  '  'G)0 0` (#(#`   CapacityReservationforPriorityServices!p"t"I.9` (#` (#!12'G)b)݌ $N! Ќ  '  '?*0 0` (#(#`   VirtualCircuitsfromaPacketMedium!p"t"I.v4` (#` (#!13'?*Z*݌ %< " Ќ  '  '2+0 0` (#(#`   SpaceDiversityfromOverlappingAPCoverage!p"t"I.s;` (#` (#!14'2+M+݌ &*!# Ќ  '  ',,0 0` (#(#`   DirectPeertoPeerwithInfrastructure!p"t"I.6` (#` (#!14',,G,݌ p'"$ Ќ  '  '!-0 0` (#(#`   SupportofSpontaneousAutonomousModeinSAMAC!p"t"I.q>` (#` (#!14'!-<-݌ ^(#% Ќ  '  '.0 0` (#(#`   Broadcast!p"t"I. ` (#` (#!14'.9.݌ L)#& Ќ  &  &.0   CLOSINGCOMMENT!p"t"I." n (#(#!14&./݌ (+%( Ќ  h  -'*   B% %B @`   00` @ j "MORPHING"THEDFWMACINTOAN X  @+0@~ INTEGRATEDSERVICES"SAM"(SEQUENTIALASYNCHRONOUSMAC ) / 7%X% %B%  INTRODUCTION T1  F Amoreacceptablemediumaccessmethod(SAMAC)couldbederivedbystartingwiththeDFWMACmakingsuccessivechangeswhichultimatelyprovideavalidsystem.PossiblestepsinthisprocessareshowninTableIonthefollowingpage.Examinationofthesestepssuggeststhatthereareimportantdifferencesinbasicassumptionsandprioritieswhichmustbeaddressedaswellasmaterialprotocolchanges.Itisdescriptivelymoreefficienttopickthemajorareasofdifferenceinassumptions,conceptsandexecutionandaddresseachofthesedirectly.TheendresultwillbelittledifferentthantheSAMACwhichhasbeenpreviouslydescribedto802.11(seeFootnote8'% X ').  PrimaryAssumptions X4  \  TheprimaryassumptionsusedforSAMACaremostlydifferentfromthoseoftheDFWMAC,andareasfollows:1)0F 100%coverageoflargeareasmustbepossibleforbothpacketandconnectiontypeservices.E (#(# 2)0F ThePHYisasinglehighratechannelwithallseparationfunctionsaccomplishedbytime N multiplexing. (#(# 3)0F Autonomousadhocgroupsarepermittedwherethereisnoinfrastructure,andmaybeoptionally + supportedorallowedwheninfrastructureispresent. (#(# 4)0F Theservicesprovidedare802LLCcompatiblepacketLANandNxBchannelsofvirtualcircuit  serviceallwithspecifiedworstcasetransferdelayacrossthewirelessnetwork. (#(# 5)0F TheprimarymodeisatleastanelementalBSA K%  1      ׀issupportedbyasingleAP(accesspoint)and  managedbyaPCF(PointCoordinationFunction)independentofthephysicallocationoftheAP. (#(# 6)0F ThecompositecoverageareaofmanyBSAsisanESAwhichismanagedbyanECF(Extendedarea j CoordinationFunction),andwithinwhicheachuserstationhasasinglenetworkaddresstoexternalsourcesregardlessoflocation.ThecompositeofallsystemusersisanESS. (#(# 7)0F Toprovideacapabilityofmeetingorcomingclosetothetargetaccessandtransferdelaysforboth s synchronousandasynchronousservicesdescribedinIEEE802.11usersurveyevaluations. (#(# 8)0F AhighcapacityinMbps/hectareisrequiredforsystemsproportionaltoanygivenmediumtransfer P  rate. (#(# 9)0F Theradiocriteriaforcommunicationisthatthedesiredsignalissufficientlyaboveinterferencelevel -" toenableaccuratetransfer,andthatsomesetofinterferencebasedcriteriamayinhibittransmissionconsideringparticularlythestatusofindependentcousersofamanagedchannel. (#(#   TabulationofMajorChangesRequired =  $" ThesecriteriarequireareversalofthepositionoftheDFWMAConprimacyofpeertopeerautonomousmodeanddistributedcoordinationfunction,andtheadditionofaplannedapproachtointerferencelimitedradiosystemdesign.Frequency,timeorcodedivisionchannelizationtosolveoverlappingcoverageandfrequencyreuseproblemsisalsoexcluded.Thesecriteriaoptimize: stationsimplicity,powerdrainandstabilityoffunction aswellasmaximizing o)$' capacityandminimizingdelayinthecommunicationservicesprovided.AgoalistomakechangestotheDFWMACasrequiredtoconformtothesecriteria.  +%) 7X%7%X@>L FWMA  TableI"MORPHING"THEDFWMACINTOANINTEGRATEDSERVICESSAMAC @  X 1.07 Startbyredefiningtheexistingcontentionmodeassecondaryforusebyspontaneousautonomousgroups K onlywhereserviceisnotavailablefromexistinginfrastructure. (#(# 2.07 Defineasaminmalprimarymode(thatwhichisnonoptional)onewhereallstationsinaclusterworkthrough  acommonrepeaterwithprivilegedantenna.DestinationstationsreceivingasourcetransmissiondirectlymayACKtoinhibitunnecessaryrepetition.Itisnolongernecessaryforallstationstohearallotherstations.TheCSMAaccessmethodremains,andthe4stepRTS,CTS,Xfr.ACKbecomesmandatoryratherthanoptional. (#(# 3.07 DeleteanyformofchannelizedPHY(e.g.FH)byusingtime/capacitysharingratherthanfrequencyasa 1  solutiontooverlappingradiocoverage.Acceptthatcontendingrepeatersmusttimeshare. (#(# 8/) xd8    4.07 ActivateaPCFfunctionattheAP(formerlyanenhancedrepeater)whichsubstitutesatransmitenabling    messageforthestationchannelmonitoringfunctionretainingthe4steptransferforstationoriginatedtransfers.. (#(# 8/) xd8 h  5.7 EnhancethePCFfunctiontoinclude: z"   a.` Deleteframe,timeslotsandtimepartitions,andNAVfunction. k   b.0` Replacewithsequentialasynchronousoneatatimecompletetransferstoreducetransferdelayfrom \  waitstatesandstatuschangesbetweentransfersteps.Thismakethemediumpacketmodeusableforconnectionsaswellaspackets. ` (#` (#  c.0` Backgroundpollingatonesecondintervalsto:w` (#` (#  ` i. determineaprioriallassociationsandradiosettingsbeforeadatatransferisinitiated. h  ` ii.0 managesleepmodeinstationswithstatusavailableinPCFdatabase.Y (# (#  e.` Associationandscreeningfunctions J  f.` qSegmentationfor802LLC1traffic(atstationandatanyinterconnectiontoexternalnetworks) ;  ` i. tolimittimeinvestmentinfaultytransfersandreducelengthproportionerrorprobability. ,  ` ii. toenablecapacitysharingunderhighload. u  ` iii togreatlyreduceworstcaseaccessdelaybyprovidingmorefrequentaccessopportunities. f Ѐ g.` RetainandimproveimmediateARQfunctionforflawedsegmentswithreducedlengthrepeats. W  h.` Addautogrant/CTSmessagefunctionforcontinuingsegmentsoflongpackets. H 6.7 CreateECFfunctiontocreatecommongatewayfornumbersofAP/PCFoperatedasagroup,andto: 9  a.` CreateandsupportregistrationandsecurityfunctionscommontoasystemofAPs. *  b.0` Createandstoreaddressing,internalroute/associationandstatusinashareddatabase.` (#` (#  c.` Providecommonpointprotocolconversionforexternalnetworkinterfaces.     d.` ReplaceAPSearchfunctionwithECFfunctionbestAPselectedwithoutusingchanneltime.  ! 8/) xd8 !" 7.7 ActivateintegratedservicesfeaturesincludingMAClevelmultiplexing "#  a.0` Createsegmenterforconnectionsandmultiplexertocombineconnectionandpacketsegmentsfora "$ commonMACandtransmissionmedium. ` (#` (# Ѐ b.` Addautograntmessagefunctionforcontinuingsegmentsofconnections. $K&  c.` AddDchannelpacketfunctionrecognitiondirectedtoconnectionprotocolstack. %< '  d.` AddprioritizationandmessagetyperecognitiontothePCF. &-!( 8/) xd8 v'") 8.7 AddcapacityenhancementfeaturestoECF '0"*  a.` AddMAClevelbridgingbetweenAP/PCFwithinoneESA. y(!#+  b.` Adddiversityselectionofredundantcopieswhenassociatedpathfailes. j)$,  c.0` Implementsmartsensingofinternalinterfererstotransmitenable.[*%-` (#` (#  d.` ImplementdynamicpositioningofcapacityamongcontiguousAP/PCF. L+%.  e.` ImplementsmartAPswhichhavemoredetailedradiationcontrol.  =,&/  @7%X%7X@ \  CONCEPTANDTECHNOLOGYMODIFICATIONS  X PrimarydependenceonPointControlFunctionMinimalstationfunctionforbettersystemflexibility,easeofdescriptionandpowerdrainImplementationofPositiveControlofStationAccessUseofMACLevelMultiplexingTransactionatatimeSequencingAdditionoftheECF(ExtendedareaControlFunction)tomanageAPselectionandinteriorroutingInterferenceLimitedRadioSystemDesignwithManagedOverlappingCoverageSequentialUseofOverlappingAccessPoints@h 6 CRITICALDETAILOPERATINGFUNCTIONS   4  PollingFunctiontoPredetermineStationStatusandLocationResolutionofContentiononRequestSleepModeManagementviaPolling0` ` CapacityRatherthanTimeReservationforPriorityServiceswithAsynchronousFrameStructure ` (#` (# SpaceDiversityfromOverlappingAPCoverageDirectPeertoPeerCapabilitywithinInfrastructurebasedSystem @BroadcastCapabilityAdoptionoftheseprincipleswillresultinmajorimprovementofLANperformancefora2.4GHzDSPHY,andfargreaterimprovementwithbetterorhighcapacityPHYsinthisorotherradiobands.TheproposedMACisdirectlyusableandinterchangeableforopticalwirelessdirectedtothesameareaandfunctionalservicedefinitions.Allofthesemattersareaddressedinthefollowingsectionsofthispaper.ThesechangesareexpressedmorespecificallyinTablesIIandIIIfollowing. @   TableIIPropertyComparisonforDFWMACandSAMACinPrimaryOperatingMode ]Ԉ - 7X%7%X @*jNR ddd Xdd Xdd Xj,HH , HH , HH +  ' 9 'PROPERTY %W" %INTHEDFWMAC %W" %INTHESAMAC,CHANGEDTO 7-W"  7@ 5AllpropertiesbelowapplytoPRIMARYMODEforbothMACs 6,V   6Peertopeer U Primarymodealwaysavailable  U SecondarymodepermittedonlywhenPCFisunavailable. #n  #PCF(PointCoordinationFunction)  ,! Option,andonlywhen"contentionfree"servicesrequired.  ,# Alwaysrequiredforpermanentwirelessaccessenvironment.Peertopeertransfersupportedwhendestinationcanreceivedirectlyfromsource. # V'  #Channelization  !S( MACmustsupportbothNBmultichnlwithFECandwiderbandsinglechannel.BSSonlywithsinglechannelPHY.OverlappingcoverageonlyavailablewithNBchannelizedPHY.  $W- SinglechanneloperationonlywithinoneESS(ExtendedAreaSet).OverlappingcoverageresolvedbytimedivisionmanagedatECF(ExtendedareaCoordinationFunction). #$W2  #Requestenable  %T 3 Sensingofabsenceofcarriertoenable  %T 4 EnablefollowingmessagefromPCF #%T 5  #Requesttosend"handshake"  j'"7 4step=RTS,CTS,XFR,ACKinprimarymode  j'"9 AfterenablingmessagefromPCF,4step #&Q!:  #ContentiononRTSresolution  ()#< Backoffalgorithm  g(#= Pollonlywhenrequiredothermethodspossible #()#?  #Settingsfordiversity,power,receiverthresh.  *%A Madeduringpreambleorsetupofeachtransaction  *%C MadeduringbackgroundpollingwithdatakeptinPCFandECFasrequired. #*%E  #ARQ  +&F TryagainusingsameMACwithpriority  +&G MACtryagainprovisionisimmediate.+&H    ,j'H @  TableIIIPropertyComparisonforDFWMACandSAMACinContentionfreeService g  X *jPY d dHH HH HH NRj,HH , HH , HH +  #  0#PROPERTY %K" %INTHEDFWMAC %K" %INTHESAMAC,CHANGEDTO 3)K" 00 03@ ( 5ForbothMACs,allpropertiesbelowapplyto n @+ @ 5CONTENTIONFREEORCONNECTIONTYPESERVICES 2(1 00  02Areacoverage T  LimitedtooneBSAwithinanunspecifiedESSthatiscochannel.100%areacoveragerequiresFDchannelizedPHY.   ~  100%areacoveragewithasinglechannelPHY.    00 0PCF(PointCoordinationFunction)   ` Optionalsecondarymodefor"contentionfree"services.   ` Inherentandthesameasforprimarymode   00 0MAC    Addedanddifferentthanprimarymode    Identicalforprimarymode   00 0Request    PermanentpollingalgorithmmanagedatPCF.Associationforpollusesprimarymode.  |$  EnabledfollowingmessagefromPCF   00 0ContentiononRTSresolution  ^  Backoffalgorithm  E  Pollonlywhenrequiredothermethodspossible ^  00 0Settingsfordiversity,power,receiverthresh.  @  Madeduringpreambleorsetupofeachtransaction  @" MadeduringbackgroundpollingwithdatakeptinPCFandECFasrequired. @$ 00 0Isochronousframe  a % Beacontimingbroadcast,setupmanagementandtimeallocationfromaddedPCF.  ( Asynchronousaccessforpackettransfers.RequiredtimingmanagementinPCF. "* 00 04stepsequence  + Stepsmaybeseparatedby"super"frameperiod.  m- Allstepsinonetransactionareimmediatelysequential. m/ 00 0IntegrationofServices  0 AboveperiodicallyslottedPHYlayerwithseparateslotsforvoiceandpacketservices.  O2 AboveMAClayercommonpacketMACandPHYforallservices O4 00 0Segmentation  p5 Nonedescribed  p6 Definedforpayloadrangeof0288octets.53octetssupported.18 00 7%X%7XThetargettransferdelaysproposedinthe802.11FunctionalRequirementsdocumentaretakenseriously, ;9 howverthenominalstandarddeviationsgivenarenotmeaningful.Thesumofthetargetmedianandstandarddeviationaretakenasreasonableapproximationsofdesiredworstcase.#7X%7%Xr#7%X%7X@ 2 hec  TableIVSelectedResultsfromTables3.53.8inP802.11/9220 _t  x! = *j4M^ d dHH HH HH PYj, dd ,6dd ,dd ,dd ,Gdd +   O">   Parameteru  1'!#/@   1v  Asynchronous #"[A  #jv  Synchronous #"[B  #  #_B v  Median $C  w  Stddev $D  Uw  Median $E  w  StdDev $F  wNominalTransferDelay 5+ %+ G  $@10$@510 VL)%+ H  $@10 $@ d@164d@V164 VL*%+ I d@164 d@  >@30>@V30 TJ)%+ J  >@30 >@  0T0 4*(%+ K  0  4TargetNominalTransferDelay 4* 'g"M  @2@42 SI(&!N  @2 @  @5@S5 TJ(&!O  @5 @  $@10$@T10 TJ)&!P  $@10 $@  ?1?T1 4*(&!Q  ?1 ? 4Units  ')#R millisec  ')#S millisec  ')#T millisec  ')#U millisec ')#V  #7X%7%X)t#  +*$V  @  CONCEPTSANDTECHNOLOGYMODIFICATIONS {  X Startingfromthe802.11approved"foundation"MAC(DFWMAC),anumberofdifferenttechnologicalconceptsmustbeincorporatedreplacingsomeofthosenowinplace.Thekeyconceptsandassociatedtechnologywhichmakepossiblesatisfyingalloftheabovecriteriaconsistentlywithunderstandableandlowcostimplementationareasfollows:  AdditionoftheECF(ExtendedareaControlFunction) }  f ByprovidingaplacetoresolveinteractionbetweenPCFs(PointControlFunctionlogicallyassociatedwithoneBSS/BSA/AP),anumberofimportantproblemsbecomesoluble.Theseincludethefrequencyreusealgorithm,useofredundantcopiesofreceivedmessages,dynamicandcentralupdatingofstatusandassociationbetweenstationsandPCFs,monitoringandtimesharingforcontiguousandunrelatedsystemsanddynamiccapacitydivisionbetweenBSAs.ThereisnosuchfunctionasECFinDFWMAC,andsoproblemsrequiringthisfunctioncannotbeaddressed.  ImplementationofPositiveControlThroughPCF M   ~  StationsmaytransmitonlywhenenabledandimmediatelythereafterwithintheconstraintsoftheMACprotocol.StationtransmissiononlyfollowsreceiptofoneofthefollowingsuccessfullydecodedenablingmessagefromthePCFviathe% L associatedaccesspoint:  @1)0F Invitationtoregister/associate< (#(# 2)F Invitationtorequest(stationservice)   3)F Poll(forstationstatus) x  4)F Grant(CTSfordatatransfer) B  @ ā5)F Endoftransfer(forstationACK) d  {Incontrast,DFWMACusesmeasuredamountsofabsenceofsignalwithafloating(adaptive)criteriaforthelevelofactivitywhichwillbeabovethreshhold.Themeasuredamountsofabsenttimeformaprioritysystem.Thealgorithmforthepracticeofthiscriteriaisineverystation.DFWMACperformsservicetypesortfunctionsinpartitionsofaframeperiodfor"contentionfreeservices"wherethetimepositionofthepartitionsisbroadcastbythebeaconandeachstationmaintainscounter/timerstoselectallottedtimespace.WhereSAMACsendsaninvitationmessage,DFWMACsendsabeaconreferenceinwhichthereisatimeintervalforasynchronousrequestinthecontentionperiod,thenatimeoffsetmeasuredoutbythestationafterwhichthe $$(#(#stationmayhearagrantorpollmarkingtheinstantatwhichthetransfermaybegin.BecauseofdistributedlogicandminimaldependenceonthePCF,theDFWMACmustgothroughthemultistephandshakeforbothstationoriginateandterminatemessagesusingthecontentionfreeperiod.ISZ]8($r `J@IIftheDFWMACusessignallevelforcarriersensing,alargesetofproblemsarisefromunrelatedinterferersandhighusageradiosystemproblems.Ifvalidsignalcriteriaareusedtherecognitionandseparationofvalidsignalswilltakeconsiderablymoretimefurtherincreasingaccessdelay.  TransactionatatimeSequencing   a% & Somepreviousprotocolshaveuseda4stephandshake(RTS,CTS,XFR,ACK)butwithtimegapsbetweenCTSandXFRorbetweenothersteps.The first wayin (") whichthepresentSAMACdiffersfromtheseisbyaddingatransmitenablingtransmissionbeforetheRTS(IVT,REQ,GAT,XFR,ACK)toreplacesilencemonitoringintheDFWMAC.A second wayisthatall K+%- stepsinthetransactionarecompletedwithoutinterposed timegaps.,'/$$ {W CSp2"p< `C $$(#(#TheDFWMACreceivesrequestsinthecontentionperiodandsendgrantsatthebeginningorduringadefinednoncontentionperiod.Onetransactionmaybedistributedoveroneframeormore.TheDFWMACforcontentionfreespacemusthavewaitstatestobridgetimegapsinprotocolsequences.AmaindistinguishingcharacteristicofSAMACisthatall   transactionsarecompletedinasingle,uninterruptedsequence.Therearenowaitstatesnecessaryforthe  8 appropriatepartoftheframetocomearoundnexttime.Asadirectresultofthisapproach,thereis no B   fragmentationofunusedtimespace makingit   unrecoverable.Onewaythesespacefragmentsare n  formediswhendurationoftransactionsdoesnotmatchthelengthofpredefinedslotboundaries.A third wayinwhichSAMACdiffersisthatthemulti 9   9  stephandshakeisnotrequiredonallstationterminatetransfersasitisforDFWMACinthecontentionfreeservices.SincethePCFknowswhichstationsarereadytoreceiveandwhatthebacklogoftrafficisforthatBSAandstation,thePCFmaytransmittothestationwhenitchoosesusingonlya2stepsequence(XFR,ACK).The4stephandshakewillbeusedforconnectionsorlong (#(#$$packetswithsetupinformation(shortaddressassignment).HSO`7'#p $ `hDH (#(#(#(#  ChoiceofMACOverPHYLevelMultiplexing !  6 ThechoicebetweenPHYandMAClevelmultiplexinginanIS(IntegratedServices)LANisfundamental.TheDFWMACisaPHYlevelmux,andtheSAMACisMAClevelmux.Thetwopossibilitiesaredescribedasfollows:   PHYLevelMultiplex: [   Thephysicalmediumissynchronousorisochronouswithaperiodicframestructure,usuallyanintegermultipleof125seconds.Portionsoftheframearedefinedfor1)overheadandmanagement,2)packetservices,and3)isochronousorconnectiontypeservices.Theremaybeotherpartitiondefinitionsthanthesesuchasup/downandcontentionfreeornot.Theprocessingfortrafficineachpartitioncanbe #-& processedindependentlyandisnotconstrainedbytheprotocolintheotherpartitions.Thereisnorequiredcommonalityfortheuseofthepartitionsotherthanatthephysicalmediumlevel. &1!* Generally,PHYlevelmultiplexiswellsuitedtopointtopointmediumswhereclocksynchronizationisasmallproblem.Itisdifficulttomakeasynchronoussystemoperativeintheupwarddirectionforamultidrop(multipletransmitter)mediumwheredifferentstationstransmitconsecutivelyatdifferenttimes,howeveritcanbedoneasillustratedbyIEEE802.6(dualqueue,dualbus). ,i'2(#(#   MACLevelMultiplex:   X Thephysicalmediumcanbeasynchronouswithoutaperiodictimestructureenablingapacketmediuminwhichclockisrecoveredindependentlyforeachtransmission.Thispropertyallowsmultidropoperationwithmultiplesourcetransmittersonacommonmedium.Itrequiresthatthelengthofeachtransmissionbebounded(<