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RE: New thread on EMI




Hi Tom:

When we discuss EMI issue here, we are dealing with the whole circuit board
which has MAC, PHY and MDI.  While coded data dose not have a clock, the
encoder or decoder have clocks.  Coder and decoder are part of the whole EMI
issue we are discussing, but not just the coded data.


Regards,

Edward S. Chang
NetWorth Technologies, Inc.
EChang@NetWorthtech.com
Tel: (610)292-2870
Fax: (610)292-2872




-----Original Message-----
From: Tom Truman [mailto:truman@tesla.ho.lucent.com]
Sent: Thursday, March 30, 2000 10:59 AM
To: Edward Chang
Cc: goergen@lucent.com; stds-802-3-hssg@ieee.org
Subject: Re: New thread on EMI


Dear Ed,

In response to your question about 8b/10b IDLE & clocking below...

I haven't seen any proposal for 8b/10b in this context (XAUI, in particular)
that requires a clock at the baud rate (3.125Gbaud). In that case,
the repetitive IDLEs (even with alternating polarity) become the dominant
source of high-frequency EMI.

Best regards,

Tom Truman
Lucent Technologies / Bell Labs

Edward Chang wrote:
>
> Hi Joel:
>
> I will be more than glad to share my thought with you.  After all, we all
> share knowledge each other anyway.
>
> The worst signals are always those clocks and synchronous data from their
> associated synchronous circuits.  In GbE, for example, there are serial
> clock, transmit byte clock, receive byte clock, I/O clock, and other logic
> clocks.  Those clocks are high frequency with sharp rise/fall edges (high
> frequency components).  When a synchronous clock switches, all other
> associated circuits also switch to provide multiple synchronous noises,
> which enhance the EMI amplitude many times more than a single
signal --IDLE.
>
> Especially, if all parallel bits (for example, 64 bit-wide PCI bus) switch
> the same data pattern (all "0", and all "1') at the same time, the EMI
> radiation level will far exceed any EMI level generated by a single
signal.
> The occasional IDLE signal is much weaker than those clocks and their
> associated synchronous signals.
>
> The IDLE signal in the 8B/10B code is alternately reversing the polarity
> every 10 bits as any other 8B/10B data pattern does.  The only unique
thing
> about IDLE is "REPETITIVE" during the idle period.  If "repetitive" is the
> reason for EMI concern, then how are we going to deal with clocks which
are
> REPETITIVE all the time, and have much stronger EMI level.
>
> For an EMI design, there are always two design objectives; namely, reduce
> source strength and prevent leaking-out.  In other words, we can not make
> those clock and associated synchronous noise go away, but we can prevent
> them from leaking out the cabinet.  In a general engineering practice, the
> mechanical designer and the electrical designer will work together to
> achieve the optimum EMI design to assure the worst EMI radiation caused by
> clocks and their synchronous data are well shielded to comply to the EMI
> emission limit set by agencies.  Any equipment can pass those worst
emission
> test will automatically pass the relatively non-existing IDLE emission
test.
>
> For example, the EMI test report from a Gibe equipment has the highest EMI
> emission level of 20 dBuv/m caused by clock related signals shown as the
> harmonics of a clock frequency.  The rest of emission levels are well
bellow
> 10 dBuv/m level.  The upper limit of emission level of FCC Class B is 40
> dBuv/m, which still allows 20 dBuv/m margin for the equipment.  As long as
> the good, commonly practiced EMI design is implemented, EMI is not the
major
> problem.
>
> I believe, the codes, 8B/10B, scramble, PAM.... etc by itself will not
cause
> EMI problem.  However, the clocks and associated synchronous signals will
> cause EMI problem, if EMI design is not correctly implemented.
>
> Regards,
>
> Edward S. Chang
> NetWorth Technologies, Inc.
> EChang@NetWorthtech.com
> Tel: (610)292-2870
> Fax: (610)292-2872
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-stds-802-3-hssg@ieee.org
> [mailto:owner-stds-802-3-hssg@ieee.org]On Behalf Of Joel Goergen
> Sent: Wednesday, March 29, 2000 11:57 AM
> To: stds-802-3-hssg@ieee.org
> Subject: New thread on EMI
>
> Ed,
>
> I was hoping you would expand on this more, but these other data patterns
> you
> refer to, what percentage would you see them as taking in 'everyday'
network
> traffic?  Relative to idle, are they such a small percentage, or does data
> you
> have collected over the years indicate this to be a viable concern.
>
> I have not as yet analyzed any network data to determine if there is
> anything
> deterministic about the day to day spectral content, other then idle.  I
> suspect
> not, but until one actually looks at it, it is difficult to answer with
> certainty.  I would really like to here more thoughts here.
>
> Take care
> Joel Goergen
>
> > There are many other data patterns with much stronger signals to cause
> more
> > EMI headache for a system, than the occasional IDLE signals.  Therefore,
> > IDLE should not become a problem, if the system is well designed to pass
> EMI
> > test for all repetitive strong signals; for example, clocks and their
> > synchronous data.
> >
> > AS a result, if we only take care of IDLE by scrambling, the system
still
> > need a good EMI design to prevent those, strong, repetitive clock and
> > synchronous data signals to cause EMI problem.  It implies scrambling
the
> > IDLE is unnecessary.
> >
> > Regards,
> >
> > Edward S. Chang