SUO: RE: Full Text & WebSite Translators

["Horn, Graham" <graham.horn@aihw.gov.au>]

	.	Very interesting (I won't say the second half of this
cloche). 

	.	The BBC program I referred to an aeon ago on translators
stated that commercial organisations wishing to use automated translators
for promulgation of their messages quickly learned that they needed to use a
restricted range of words, if they wanted their messages to readily
understood by their readers.

	.	To me that means a type of controlled language. Now, if
Leonid had known this, he may have been able to write his article in such a
controlled Russian, and recommended the translator with which it was
aligned. 


	.	But before anyone makes some invalid extrapolations from
this, let me say that this is about as far as ordinary machine translators
relate to the issue of a controlled English for the SUO. The controlled
language for the translator, is purpose aligned with it, and may be quite
inappropriate for any communication of principles of logic. 

	.	What we need is the other way round:
1st 	a strictly precise and unambiguous controlled English with enough
conceptual and manipulative capacity to be able to handle the discourse of
logic required for general ontological purposes; and then (and only then) 
2nd	one or more translators able to automatically convert its output
into formats usable for those purposes, including:
*	computer program machine code; and 
*	the more traditional "logic symbologies", especially for educational
purposes, etc. 



Cheers   				Graham Horn

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 
================================================
Phone:      	02.6244.1094  
Fax:          	02.6244.1199  
E­mail:    	Graham.Horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au>


-----Original Message-----
From:	Jon Awbrey [mailto:jawbrey@oakland.edu]
Sent:	Friday, 3 November 2000 15:45
To:	Horn, Graham
Cc:	'Leonid Ototsky'; 'Douglas McDavid/Boulder/IBM';
standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org
Subject:	Full Text & WebSite Translators

¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤

Leonid,

Having no knowledge of the Russian language,
I thought I would try out a few of the new
automatic translators on your text, the one
for which you gave us the following link:

<http://www.osp.ru/os/2000/03/076.htm>

Here are the translators that I tried:

<http://world.altavista.com/>

<http://babel.altavista.com/translate.dyns>

<http://babel.altavista.com/raging/translate.dyn>

<http://www.softissimo.com/>

<http://www.reverso.net/textonly/default_net.asp>

<http://www.reverso.net/url/default.asp>

<http://trans.voila.fr/>

The "Voila" translator seemed to work the best for this example --
I mean, how would I know? -- but at least it tried to translate
the whole thing without giving up in the middle.  The results
are appended at the end of this posting.  As usual with these
species of robot dogs, it is sufficiently amazing that they
can speak at all, even if the outcomes can frequently be
a little bit silly.  But I, for one, will be desirous
of hearing more about this "Naked InterNet" <chuckle>.

Cheers,

Jon Awbrey

¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤

Graham Horn wrote:
Dear Leonid, 
	.		 First I must apologise for taking so long to reply.
I have been in the middle of some exchanges where my perspective was not
being well understood. Hopefully that situation has settled down a bit. 

	.	Comments interspersed, prefaced "GH2>	".


Cheers   				Graham Horn

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 
===============================================
Phone:      	02.6244.1094  
Fax:          	02.6244.1199  
E­mail:    	Graham.Horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au>


-----Original Message-----
From:	Leonid Ototsky [mailto:leo@mmk.ru] <mailto:[mailto:leo@mmk.ru]> 
Sent:	Monday, 23 October 2000 11:07
To:	Horn, Graham
Cc:	'Douglas McDavid/Boulder/IBM'; standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org
<mailto:standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org> 
Subject:	Re[2]: SUO: Language issues (formerly "Maintenance - related
issues" )

<< File: vcard.vcf >> 


Dear Graham, Doug,  John  and other SUOs,
.	Suppose your discussion around  a "controlled English"  has some
"terminological polemic" features. If  a "natural language"  and  a "pure
logic"  formalism  to place on  the  opposite sides of a scale then of
course  a "rational  point"  must be between them. But where ?  Suppose you
are moving to it from the different sides. Although  my views  are "inverse"
from  regarding  " a man-on-the-street " as a client but suppose  they are
not  too differ from the Graham's  ones. Such examples  as "button" ,
"mouse" etc. are "class names" and of  course such ones must be from a
"natural"  language terminology  (if  it is an "external" representation
and may be a "conceptual" (one?) too ( but not an internal one !)) . 
GH2>	My perspective, and I think John Sowa has a similar view, is that a
properly structured controlled English is logically identical to any other
properly structured logic symbology. The difference is that while the latter
will tend to be easy to read by a student of logic, familiar with logical
symbologies, the former will be easier for ordinary people to read, since it
will comprise basically a subset of(the formal subset of) natural English. 
GH2>	This does not mean that they will necessarily even logically express
the same concepts in the same ways, or that what is succinct in one form
will necessarily be so in the other.  
.	But  the expressions by my opinion must  be much more close to the
"pure logic" end of the scale. 
GH2>	I would disagree with this statement. A properly structured
controlled English will be logically precise and unambiguous. 
.	Moreover I suppose that now "logic culture" and "logic scholarship"
must  be learned from  a childhood.
GH2>	I believe people can learn concepts and principles at any age.
However, I agree that, if one has an understanding of principles of logic
(and not necessarily just or even the classically quoted ones), then one has
a better ability to comprehend the implications and/or potentials of a
situation or item. I also believe it helps to have a good grounding in the
logical structures underlying one's own communication language. This is why
I believe it is very valuable to have a sound grounding in formal
Graeco-Latin based grammar, or the relevant equivalent for one's own
language, preferably from one's school years. 
.	In our practice  we used  the formal class definitions  in a form of
logic expressions (which we named as "class determinator" (following the
biology practice)) as a "middleware" for contacts with our clients from
Sales and Financial departments of our MMK and they liked such a  rigour.
In our work we followed the "Duality  Principle in a Classification Theory"
which was formulated in the middle 70th in Russia  and which differed  an
external "taxonomical" view founded on the set theory and  "internal"
"meronomy" founded  on the logic . (I?) Suppose the IIDEAS project community
(under the ISO TC184/SC4/WG10) in their  EXIST  means something the same
defining it as "EXpression of Information based on logic and Set Theory" .
GH2>	I do not know the word "meronomy", and do not understand what
concept you are trying to communicate here.
.	Here I  actually interpreted one state of my paper "IT Strategy for
the 21st Century" published  in Russian in #3,2000 of  the "Open Systems
Journal" ( www.osp.ru/os/2000/03/076.htm
<http://www.osp.ru/os/2000/03/076.htm>  ) (a source copy is on my website) .
Another one I gave in a previous letter when wrote about  an "engineering
semiotics"  . 
.	(I?) Suppose a further interpretation will be helpful for the SUO
too.
GH2>	English would be the best language for me. I'd need to refer to
dictionaries, to go back to French or German. 
Best regards,
Leonid


GH2>	PS:	the "GH" in "GH>	" are my initials. The normal
approach is to tag lines with the initials of the author, so that the text
below would normally be tagged "DM>", "DMD>", or something similar. 


Friday, October 20, 2000, 1:06:18 PM, you wrote:

HG> Douglas,
HG>         .       Comments interspersed, prefaced "GH>    ".



HG> Cheers                                  Graham Horn

HG> Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
HG> ===============================================
HG> Phone:          02.6244.1094
HG> Fax:            02.6244.1199
HG> E­mail:         Graham.Horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:Graham.Horn@aihw.gov.au>
<mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au> >


HG> -----Original Message-----
HG> From:   Douglas McDavid/Boulder/IBM [mailto:mcdavid@us.ibm.com]
<mailto:[mailto:mcdavid@us.ibm.com]> 
HG> Sent:   Friday, October 20, 2000 2:14 AM
HG> To:     Horn, Graham
HG> Cc:     standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org
<mailto:standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org> 
HG> Subject:        RE: SUO: Maintenance - related issues

HG> Graham-
HG> Your explanation is helpful, and I appreciate that you took the trouble
to HG> provide it.  I'm in a mode of thinking about your proposition, rather
than a HG> mode of having taken a position on it, one way or another.  I
guess I should HG> state, however, that it never occurred to me that the
work of ontology HG> building would ever have a man-on-the-street clientele.
GH>>     Yes, It was the change of perspective to our client focus I HG>
mentioned previously, with our "Knowledgebase", that prompted me most to HG>
pick up this perspective. Our modern society means far more education is HG>
around, and there is far more opportunity for the bulk of society to HG>
participate in information areas. I feel placing things in readable English
HG> facilitates that enormously.
HG> The community I have had in my mind has primarily been domain analysts
and HG> software developers.  Having said that, I think back to my roots,
having HG> spent the first part of my career as a librarian.  In my mind the
librarians HG> in the libraries of record (like the Library of Congress)
have the role of HG> ontologists.  They create and extend ontological works
such as the Dewey HG> Decimal System, the Library of Congress Classification
scheme, the Library HG> of Congress Subject Headings, and the Sears Subject
Headings. The equivalent HG> of my analysts and developers would be the
librarians in public, corporate HG> and academic institutions who make use
of those ontological products to HG> classify actual works, and use the
classifications in information retrieval.  HG> Of course a goal of all of
this work is to make the classifications and HG> their application
semantically accessible to non-librarians, so that as much HG> information
retrieval as possible can be accomplished on a self-service HG> basis.  So,
clearly, your concern for the man-on-the-street user has HG> precedence in
my previous life's experience.
GH>>     Yes, you are right on the wavelength that inspires me. As an HG>
engineer by training, I see your background as being from one of the great
HG> traditional information management areas, and the Dewey Decimal System
as HG> one of the important steps in addressing issues of general purpose
HG> information classification.
GH>>     Furthermore, I see the leverage for direct "human machine HG>
interaction" as providing a whole further dimension of potential. The HG>
following is just a quick example off the top of my head, but I think it HG>
gets across the sort of potentials I see. Consider how much easier it would
HG> be to develop intelligent interactive software able to respond with:
HG> "I didn't understand what you meant by 'I need a licence for driving my
HG> unregistered car to the service station for repairs'. Do you need:
HG> 1.      a drivers licence,
HG> 2.      a temporary permit for your unregistered car,
HG> 3.      both, or
HG> 4.      something else (if so please restate your question differently
in
HG> the space below)?"

HG> Still thinking, and thanks for the explanatory work on  my behalf.

HG> Doug McDavid
HG> Certified Executive Consultant
HG> Business Innovation Services - IBM, US
HG> Member of IBM Academy of Technology
HG> mcdavid@us.ibm.com <mailto:mcdavid@us.ibm.com>   --  916-549-4600


HG> "Horn, Graham" <graham.horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au>
> on 10/17/2000 09:09:45 PM
HG> To:   Douglas McDavid/Boulder/IBM@IBMUS
<mailto:McDavid/Boulder/IBM@IBMUS> 
HG> cc:   standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org
<mailto:standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org> 
HG> Subject:  RE: SUO: Maintenance - related issues


HG> Douglas,
HG>      .    Please bear in mind that, since I am a proponent of following
HG> ordinary English as closely as possible consistent with the rigour
HG> requirements of an ontology, that there will be NO rocket science in my
HG> responses. Generally I will just be applying home-spun common sense
aimed at
HG> appealing to the thinking of lay people with a command of the
traditional
HG> English. I say traditional, because, in the first instance I feel the
HG> structures developed, coded and refined over millennia provide a
significant
HG> resource at no cost.
HG>      .    That said, I had some thoughts on this very question last
night,
HG> and of course this can be used regardless of how closely the SUO is
based on
HG> English structures. Basically it came down to recalling that, *    while
HG> adverbs modify verbs or adjectives, *    adjectives qualify nouns.

HG>      .    Hence we can get some very clumsy labels, like:
HG> *    "button" could become "button switch";
HG> *    "mouse" could become "computer display remote position indicator
and
HG> actuator";
HG> *    "head" could become "coded magnetic medium sensor",
HG> *    "monitor" could become "video displayer";
HG> *    "ram" could become "male sheep", to distinguish from
HG> *    the device for pushing or battering, or
HG> *    computer "RAM";
HG> *    etc.

HG>      .    However, I think entities with highly structured technical
HG> specifications become too complicated for such handling (eg. consider
"Swiss
HG> bank", and "building society" for comparison), and we either require
another
HG> paradigm to get any convenient label. To accommodate this, we can define
HG> word groups, hence:
HG> *    "button" could become the defined term "button switch";
HG> *    "mouse" could become the defined term "computer mouse";
HG> *    "head" could become the defined term "disk head", "tape head",
etc.,
HG> *    "monitor" could become the defined term "video monitor";
HG> *    "bank" could become the defined term "financial bank", along with
HG> defined variants including "UK bank", Swiss bank", and more broadly,
HG> "building society", "credit union", etc.
HG>      .    Alternatively, we can exploit the use of:
HG> *    acronyms, and gain maximum leverage by respecting the tradition of
only
HG> capitalising first letters, eg.: RaDAR from Ra(dio) D(irection) A(nd)
HG> R(anging); and
HG> *    made up words, possibly loosely adapted from others, eg.: Sonar,
HG> adapted from RaDAR;
HG> *    slight spelling corruptions, such as: "disk", derived from
"computer
HG> disc"; but
HG> *    more commonly done by advertisers, etc, as I said before, eg.
"birko"
HG> and "ramset", based on the trademarks; or
HG> *    peoples' names, such as "biro", named after its invertor, and
HG> *    borrowings from other languages, eg: soufflé.

HG>      .    Of course, we can also mandate recognised, but once again
HG> closely defined (possibly with slightly modified definitions):
HG> *    prefixes, such as:
HG> *    "ante-", meaning before,
HG> *    "anti-" meaning opposing,
HG> *    "dis-", meaning wrongly,
HG> *    "non-", meaning not,
HG> *    "pro-", meaning promoting the interests of,
HG> *    "super-", meaning of greater magnitude or height than (meaning
HG> depends on whether meaning of word stem relates to height or not - note
HG> that
HG> we can implement more complex rules of this type, so long as they are
HG> consistent and precise),
HG> *    "meta-", meaning beyond; and
HG> *    suffixes, such as:
HG> *    "-able", meaning able to have done to it whatever the word stem
HG> indicates,
HG> *    "-ate", meaning to have done to it whatever the word stem
indicates,
HG> *    "-er", indicating an object that performs whatever the word stem
HG> indicates,
HG> *    "-or", indicating a person who performs whatever the word stem
HG> indicates.
HG>      .    The above is far from comprehensive, but I think I have given
HG> enough to demonstrate there are many ordinary possibilities to achieve
our HG> objectives.


HG>      .    As a matter of relevance, the point was also made on BBC radio
HG> last night, that one can already exploit the sort of approach I am
HG> suggesting, when one wishes to use the translation software available on
the
HG> Internet. The observation was made, very much in line with my proposal,
that
HG> many people learn to use an unambiguous subset of English in order to
get
HG> their messages clearly translated into other languages. It would be a
HG> relatively small step from there to achieving an ontology that is
rigorous,
HG> easily human and machine interpretable, and machine executable.


HG> Cheers                   Graham Horn
HG> Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
HG> ===============================================
HG> Phone:         02.6244.1094
HG> Fax:           02.6244.1199
HG> E­mail:        Graham.Horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:Graham.Horn@aihw.gov.au>
<mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au <mailto:graham.horn@aihw.gov.au> >


HG> -----Original Message-----
HG> From:     Douglas McDavid/Boulder/IBM [mailto:mcdavid@us.ibm.com]
<mailto:[mailto:mcdavid@us.ibm.com]> 
HG> Sent:     Tuesday, October 17, 2000 11:24 PM
HG> To:  Horn, Graham
HG> Cc:  standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org
<mailto:standard-upper-ontology@ieee.org> 
HG> Subject:  RE: SUO: Maintenance - related issues


HG> Graham-
HG> I am interested to know more about the way you envision handling this
issue:
HG> *    there would be some new words fabricated to cover useful concepts
where
HG> these are either not currently covered by a single word, or, more
commonly,
HG> where the current word used is a metaphorical application of an existing
HG> word with another main meaning(eg. "button", "mouse", "head", "monitor",
HG> etc.); while
HG> Can you give us examples of fabricated words that would cover the newer
HG> (presumably less frequently used) senses of these words?  I would also
HG> appreciate an example from a more fundamental example of polysemy, such
as HG> "bank".

HG> Doug McDavid
HG> Certified Executive Consultant
HG> Business Innovation Services - IBM, US
HG> Member of IBM Academy of Technology
HG> mcdavid@us.ibm.com <mailto:mcdavid@us.ibm.com>   --  916-549-4600




				Best regards,
				Leonid
mailto:leo@mmk.ru <mailto:leo@mmk.ru> 


¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~TRANSLATION~¤~~~~~~~~~¤~~~~~~~~~¤

> Strategy IT for new century
> 
> Leonid Ototsky
>
> Rough expansion Internet naked a lot of problems which decision
> mentions the deepest roots of life of a society.  It not only
> technical and technological aspects, not only social and economic
> and psychological problems, but also filosofsko-world outlook and
> even religious.  In given clause(article) first two parties(sides)
> are considered(examined) first of all
> 
> The Mankind has entered a new phase of the Second Industrial Revolution,
> about which wrote in the beginning 50 Norbert Viner in the book "
> Cybernetics and a society (or the humane attitude(relation) to the person)
"
> [1.] his(its) some citations sound today very actually: " the Subsequent
> development of automation... Has convinced me that I was rights in the
> statement [about an opportunity of creation of a self-starter] and that
this
> development will be one of the greatest factors causing social and
technical
> life of the future century, the key phenomenon of the second industrial
> revolution ". Or: " It is possible even to assert(approve), that a modern
> communication facility... Do(make) " the world(global) state "inevitable"
> 
> Now literally on our eyes the nervous system of "essence" under the name
> Mankind is created. It and completely new level of dialogue between
> separate persons through the Network, and integration of computer
> technologies with TV and traditional means of communications, and new
> opportunities of concentration and distribution of the information through
the
> dall-centres, and new horizons of electronic commerce with technology of
> "self-service", and new technology of interaction between the enterprises
> (Supply Chain, Customer Relationship Management, Virtual Enterprise), and
> a new level of electronic support of "life cycle" of production. Also work
on
> creation of " uniform electronic pulse " - systems of synchronization of
> computers on Grinvicheskomu time (Greenwich Electronic Time - GET) here
> concerns. Thus requirements to capacities of means are more and more
> displaced from a level of "client" and the personal computer on a level of
> servers of appendices and servers of databases. On the top levels means of
> creation and conducting own Web-sites, but also ERP-packages, for
> example, Oracle Applications [2] are born(taken out) not only accessible
> through Internet databases, not only. Thus the general(common) resources
> "are more and more alienated" from the concrete enterprises and the
> organizations
> 
> New technologies have revived interest to increase of capacity of
computers
> and to a withdrawal(waste) from technology a client - server. So, Larri
> Ellison, being the main thing apologetom technologies the client - server,
> recently has proclaimed: " back to mejnfrejmam ", having in in a kind,
> certainly, absolutely other technical and technological basis. Certainly,
today
> it is available preconditions of qualitatively new level "
> informatsionno-kognitivnogo potential " societies which by definition
Julia
> Shrejdera [3], includes opportunities of a society on accumulation,
storage,
> transfers of knowledge (including direct dialogue, and education systems
and
> improvements of professional skill), and also means and the staff for
> processing, storages, search and transfer of the information
> 
> However for a way of effective realization of this potential there is a
lot of
> problems. Still at Vinera there is a caution of occurrence of social
problems:
> " ... It can result in the same unvaluable and fatal results in the field
of
> culture what generally were received from radio and cinema ", and many
problems
> are connected to requirements of development of a brain of new "organism"
> which essentially differ from problems of development actively
decided(solved)
> now " peripheral nervous system "
> 
> Problems of unification of standards
> 
> While in the field of traditional "material" manufacture already for a
long time
> there was a system of support and the coordination of standards, in area
IT
> much still should be made. Even for the separate enterprise working at a
> level intranet, new technologies make great demands rather of a level of
> formalization and universalizatsii representations of knowledge, to
unification
> of means of information interchange and to corporate culture of management
> of knowledge. The detailed analysis of the questions connected with
intranet
> as by the tool of corporate management, is given, for example, in work
[4.]
> 
> At an intercorporate level today unification of standards IT more and more
> urgently is required. Most close standard XML has approached to a new
> level of wide use in the Network, accepted in the beginning of 1998
> Consortium WWW (W3C) first which version of specifications, by the end
> of 1999 has acquired more than twenty additional offers, recommendations
> and the specifications expanding a nucleus, for example: Extensible Style
> Language (XSL) - nomenclature XML for the specification of semantics of
> formatting and presentation of documents and language XSLT (T -
> transformation) which serves for transformation of one types of documents
> XML in others. As against the first practical realization of
specifications of
> standard ISO SGML - widely used language of hypertext sectoring
> HTML-XML has a number(line) of features which do(make) it(him) by " the
> first candidate " for practical use in perspective Internet technologies,
namely:
> 
> 1  XML - " self-descriptive language ", including metauroven' for
definition of
> new types of documents (Document Type Definitions - DTD);
> 
> 2  XML - flexible language for information interchange, and it is not
necessary,
> that definitions DTD at the different organizations coincided. As all
> metainformatsija DTD is sent in the message any receiver supporting XML,
> easily can interpret them in the DTD;
> 
> 3  using separate means of the description of presentation of the document
-
> Extensible Style Language (XSL), easily it is possible to transform same
> XML the data to other representations, for example, the printed document,
> page HTML, the message on the screen of the mobile device and t.p;
> 
> 4  Using XSLT easily it is possible to transform and establish display of
one
> XML DTD in another;
> 
> Already now XML it starts to be used for replacement of out-of-date
> technology EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), that allows to include set
of
> the average and fine enterprises to which technology EDI was inaccessible
> because of the bulkiness and dearness [2.] in sphere of electronic
commerce
> is more and more active XML starts to be used and in ERP-appendices. For
> example, in Oracle Applications Release 11i it is supposed to use based on
> XML means of integration as inside Oracle Applications, and with systems
> ERP of other manufacturers
> 
> Acceptance XML as the standard to which all are ready to follow, is
> connected substantially to his(its) simplicity. Accepted in XML
> object-oriented model DOM (Document Object Model) easily allows to
> transform XML documents for storage in objective - relational and
relational
> SUBD, no less than on the contrary. For example, these functions are
> carried out with toolkit Oracle - XML SQL Utility for Java. However even
> for such concerning simple object of standardization as the hierarchical
> document is required wider unification of standards that will allow to use
> it(him) in the Network more effectively. So, heads of company FarCountries
> which uses XML for coordination of thousand suppliers and intermediaries
> worldwide [2], mark, that most the complicated problem is a development of
> good model of the data and its(her) representation in DTD which would be,
> whenever possible, the general(common) company for all business -
> partners. Not without reason in W3C the special working group which has
> undertaken unification of structure and formats of files XML for DTD (W3C
> XML Schema Working Group) was organized. Problems of unification of
> standards essentially grow in areas with more complex(difficult) objects,
than
> hierarchical documents
> 
> Problems of standardization of the description of
> production, technology and business
> 
> the Beginning of the present stage of standardization of the description
of
> production and technology occurrence in middle of 80 projects STEP
> (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) - is possible to count
> families of standards for maintenance of the universal mechanism of data
> exchange about production and technologies both between the various
> organizations, and between different stages of life cycle of production.
> Nucleus STEP "almost object-oriented language of information modelling
> EXPRESS (ISO 10303, a part 11) was. Not being the programming
> language, not supporting "methods" and mechanisms of their inheritance,
> working version EXPRESS provides object-oriented ideology for the
> description of conceptual models of the data (plural inheritance of the
data
> and the restrictions, deduced(removed) attributes etc.)
> 
> Second "whale" on which it is based EXPRESS, javljajatsja model "essence
> - communication" (E-R). Besides influence and SQL was felt. The graphic
> version of language, EXPRESS-G, has completely superseded IDEF 1X
> which was used at the initial stages of project STEP. In version EXPRESS
> v2 more severe is already supposed full objective orientirovannost' with
> support of modelling of processes, events, transactions, and also uniform
> formal metamodel', much more detailed and semanticheski, than parts
> Generic Resources of a series of standards ISO 10303 (parts 41-49)
> 
> All work on the project was conducted under aegis of subcommittee 4,
> technical committee 184 ISO (ISO TC184/SC4), by the end 90 within the
> framework of which has appeared some more different degree of
> completeness of series of the standards connected to the description any
> more(not so) only of production and technology (ISO 13584, ISO 14959,
> ISO 15926), but also production managements (Manufacturing Management
> - MANDATE - ISO 15531), and using as the basis language EXPRESS
> 
> For 15 years around EXPRESS and STEP the whole branch which provides
> significant reduction of expenditures of labour at "start" of new
technologies
> and new kinds of production was generated already. And, if series ISO
> 10303 reflected, first of all, for service of automobile and space
branches
> now she(it) covers already the majority of kinds of manufactures,
including
> electrotechnical, shipbuilding, construction, petrochemical the
organizations
> obshchemetodologicheskogo the plan, the technologies connected to
> development " the data on production " (Product Data Technology - PDT),
> for example EuroSTEP, PDT Solutions, PDTAG, PDES Have etc.
> appeared not only the companies specializing on toolkit of technology
STEP,
> but also etc
> 
> It Is important to note active use Internet by development of standards in
> which many organizations and experts of all conducting countries take
part. It
> and series of teleconferences with discussions on the most important
> questions, and electronic voting by the statement of projects of standards
at
> different stages of development down to the status of the international
> standard, and the organization of internal seminars and conferences, and
the
> organization of the full electronic archive accessible on the Network.
Such
> technology of the organization of projects on the basis of management of
> knowledge [4] is symptomatic for New Era [5], however she(it)
> does(makes) only first steps, entering thus in the serious contradiction
with
> existing social institutes
> 
> Despite of external successes the ideology, methodology and technology
> STEP/EXPRESS demand deep perfection. On the one hand,
> "harmonization" and "moduljarizatsija" standards inside itself
> ISOTC184/SC4 is necessary, c another - appeared necessary to leave for
> frameworks of the description " production and technology " and to include
> more the broad audience of questions of business, from the third party
more
> and more there is a necessity for the coordination of similar works with
other
> organizations engaged in development in the same direction and first of
all
> with groups CSMF (Conce ð tual Schema Modelling Facilities) and CDIF
> (CASE Data Interchange Format) within the framework of incorporated
> technical committee ISO and International electrotechnical commission
> ISO/IEC JTC1, with Consortium WWW, with working groups OMG, with
> group KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format) ANSI ASC X3T2, and also
> with group Open Application Group
> 
> Inside community ISO TC184/SC4 the dissatisfaction with a state of affairs
> ripens. The project more and more expands and becomes all less controlled,
> not resulting to creation of more general(common) and semanticheski a
strict
> nucleus which would be used in all specialized descriptions not only
> production and technology, but also business in a broad sense, including
> production management and the data on production. For this purpose within
> the framework of working group ISO TC184/SC4/WG10 work began from
> creation general(common) metamodeli within the framework of project
> IIDEAS (Integration of Industrial Data for Exchange Access and Sharing).
In
> the project it is supposed to capture not only standards ISO TC184/SC4
> but also to establish communication(connection) with other mentioned
> organizations on standardization. Under their aegis special unifying
seminars
> be held on integration of models of the data and processes in information
> systems. So, in resolutions of one of such seminars
> (www.nist.gov/workshop/jtc1-96/resolu~1. htm) it is recommended:
> 
>      that ISO and IEC have organized the general(common) technical
>      group for identification of potential duplication in development of
>      models with the purpose of their reduction;
>      that ISO and IEC have organized electronic means for support of the
>      general(common) access of all working groups to all "is modelling -
>      focused" to works
>      that ISO and IEC have provided the publication of development
>      through Web; free electronic access to base circuits, dictionaries
and
>      abstracts
>      that the above mentioned organizations in common have developed
>      the general(common) document on modelling and use of models for
>      designing, creation and management of information systems
> 
> In a word, for an output(exit) significant intellectual efforts are spent
for a
> new level of integration of the data, and the Network, undoubtedly became
> the powerful catalyst of these processes. So for example, in middle of
2000
> the special international seminar on creation of "ground floor" of such
> unification - electronic base of terminological catalogues and
dictionaries of
> the data on production should be organized (www.cedarlon.demon.co.uk)
> which should provide:
> 
>      a standard engineering terminology;
>      còàíäàðòíûå classes of materials and the goods;
>      standard types of properties and test methods;
>      standard catalogues of units and details
> 
> As the base it is supposed to use based on XML language of sectoring for
>
> Web-guided. It is interesting to note, that the similar problem(task)
creation
> GSSSD (Public service of the standard help data) was put in the USSR in
> middle 70, however for it(her) technological conditions though were issued
> appropriate GOSTy and Methodical Instructions(indications) have not
> ripened then still neither methodological, nor technical. In other words,
the
> problem has remained means and ways of its(her) decision have changed
> 
> That activity on integration of models which will be carried out(spent)
now,
> certainly, is useful and necessary, but insufficient&. If for "ground
floor" - a
> terminology and catalogues on production - acceptance of " the
> general(common) rules of game " is possible, for more general(common)
> models it is required to leave for frameworks used in " dubliruemyh works
"
> fundamental concepts. The fact podcherkivaemoj in the given resolution of
a
> problem " " speaks growths of languages of modelling and duplication of
> efforts that maintenance of "consensus" needs deeper level of
structurization
> that base standards of modelling became standard. The situation is similar
to
> what has developed in the mechanics before Newton has formulated the
> laws and has entered concepts which interestingly began standard (to note,
> that young Newton very much was interested in creation of universal
> language of the description of a nature [6], and now on a new coil the
society
> faces to the same problem). It is remarkable, that preconditions for the
> further development it is deeper the structured models already for a long
time
> are available, but they while are insufficiently used in development of
models
> and metamodelej the data
> 
> Directions of development of the objective approach
> 
> Taking into account, that one of key concepts of developed models is the
> concept "class", it is natural to consider operating time under the theory
of
> classification. This direction is connected first of all to activity in
70-80-õ
> years of "virtual" school Julia Shrejdera who united on interests of
scientific
> different branches: biologists, linguists, informatikov etc. According to
the
> theory of classification for the full description of any classification
system dual
> representation as c the points of view of "taxonomy", and from the point
of
> view "meronomii" [7] is essentially necessary. In existing models it is
used
> only taksonomicheskoe the description based on ideology of the theory of
> sets. In practice meronomii descriptions will be carried out(spent)
through
> strictly formalized " determinants of classes " (by analogy to
"determinants"
> widely used in biology, for example, " the Determinant of the bird's jacks
").
> It has allowed universal way automatically to define(determine) such
> complex(difficult) taksonomicheskie classes as on metalloproduktsiju,
> positions TNVED, positions of the accounting nomenclature etc. the Truth
> these works it is possible to count positions of price-lists only
prototipnymi
> 
> One of the important consequences(investigations) of " a principle of a
> duality " is the basic opportunity of the description of any hierarchy
taksonov
> through combinations of independent "not hierarchical" attributes. One
more
> important consequence(investigation) of the theory of classification is
> expansion of concept "property" in comparison with his(its) use in
existing
> models
> 
> Other direction not used in existing models is the theory of measurements
[8]
> which has brought uniform base under quantitative and "qualitative"
> measurements, having entered concept " type of a scale of measurement "
> with strict definition of different types of scales. The most investigate
already
> were quantitative scales which are widely used in metamodeljah project
> STEP. At the same time, to generalization of models "classification" and
> "serial" scales are more interesting
> 
> The Third direction which should serve as the general(common) base is a
> semiotics - a science about sign systems from her(it) "sintaktikoj",
> "semantics" and "pragmatikoj". Now there is a process of becoming of this
> new science which actually "gemmates" from the philosophical theory of
> knowledge in applied " engineering of knowledge "
> 
> As the semiotics just began to arise, the most interesting results lay on
> crossing with other connected directions, which else it is necessary enter
a
> new science. For example, we in the prototipnoj metamodeli have united
> ideas of semiotics, the theory of measurements, theories of classification
and
> AP221 STEP [9]. Here is how the fragment of such incorporated
> description of property "pressure" of physical object of type the pump,
for
> example, looks. From the point of view sintaktiki for pressure "format" is
> defined(determined). From the point of view of semantics for pressure "
the
> quantitative scale of measurement " with appropriate units is
> defined(determined). From the point of view pragmatists for pressure can
be
> determined some "serial" rating scales with such, for example, values, as
> "low", "normal", "high". At last, communications(connections) between
values
> of pressure on a semantic scale and values on pragmatical scales are
> defined(determined). This "property" can "be generalized" for wider class
of
> the physical objects registered in repozitorii. Thus the level of
generalization
> from the point of view of Semantics and Pragmatists can be essentially
> various. For example, in our example from the point of view of Semantics
> generalization can be lead up to a level of "pressure" in "liquid" or /
and "gas"
> while from the point of view Pragmatists much more detailed elaboration is
> required
> 
> It Is important to note, that use of the semiotics approach "gumaniziruet"
> model. Aspiration existing metamodelej to formalize all " up to the end "
also
> demands revision with obvious allocation of "border" of formalization
> between knowledge of the person and "knowledge" of a computer. This
> border is relative and can vary in process of development of system. Now
> borders of semiotics even more extend. The direction "biosemiotics" which
> tries to generalize model with inclusion in it(her) not only sign systems
of the
> person and a computer, but also sign systems of behaviour of animal and
sign
> systems at level DNK has appeared. It is supposed, that such
> general(common) approach will promote overcoming of existing "alienation"
> of the person by nature
> 
> Problems "internetizatsii"
> 
> we shall Consider problems first of all from the point of view of
development
> of " a new organism " and requirements to the organization of collective
> reason. Thus it is important to distinguish technical and economic and
> sotsiokul'turnye knowledge. If for the first standardization,
global'nost',
> objectivity etc. for the second subjectivity is important is
characteristic, the
> non-standard, a variety etc. In details six oppositions are described in
[3.]
> 
> Existing technology Internet consults(copes) with sotsiokul'turnoj the
> party(side) much better: Web-surfing, e-mail, teleconferences, ICQ etc.
> obviously cause positive emotions of participation in universal community
and
> culture. Also integration of computer technologies with TV and traditional
> means of the communications here concerns. Development of technology of
> automation of gathering, registration, dispatch, messages in systems of
> electronic commerce and CALL the centres too mention basically only the
> external party(side) of communications, assuming, that basic semantic and
> pragmatical "processings" of the information lozhitsja on the person.
> However for accumulation, and the exchange of technical and economic
> knowledge of "intelligence" of existing portals obviously does not suffice
> storage. Much more structure and standardization for support of the base
of
> the general(common) help data, supports of new technology of scientific
> communications through " intellectual portals ", supports of the
> general(common) databases for engineers and designers, support of
> "extraction", accumulation and use of knowledge of experts, support of the
> general(common) standard descriptions of business - objects and business -
> processes etc is required
> 
> For this purpose also are made now significant efforts on unification of
> models and metamodelej the data. It also should transfer(translate) to a
new
> qualitative level " informatsionno-kognitivnyj potential " societies. The
truth
> for this purpose many existing social institutes should be essentially
changed.
> So, for example, in conditions of the Network more and more sharply there
> is a question on unfitness of the current legislation on the intellectual
property.
> John Perri Barlou in detail speaks about it in clause(article) " Sale
fault
> without bottles: Economy of consciousness in a global Network "
> (www.russ.ru/netcult/99-03-26/barlow.htm). Still Viner [1] wrote, that the
> information and entropija are not kept and in an equal measure are
unsuitable
> to be the goods and that an idea that the information can be saved up in
the
> varied world without downturn of its(her) cost, is false. In wider plan -
> development of productive forces of epoch Internet will cause serious
> changes in relations of production as the last will brake more and more
their
> development
> 
> National idea of Russia
> 
> Instead of the conclusion it is possible to result some arguments for the
> benefit of opinion what exactly active participation in creation of "
nervous
> system " and should become National idea of Russia
> 
> 1  For National idea prospects of the future, than "ideals" of the past
today are
> more important
> 
> 2  Real management of any system (from the cybernetic point of view)
> demands both the appropriate speeds of information interchange, and the
> appropriate capacities on its(her) accumulation and processing (a
principle "
> a necessary variety "). The more the system, the the big speeds and
> capacities are necessary. Such phenomena as bureaucratic pyramids from
> them " laws Parkinsona " otherwise are inevitable, " Peter's principles "
and
> corruption, and not important "left" or "right" are at authority. Than
more
> pyramid, especially a control system is subject to degeneration. The
desire to
> strengthen a role of "state regulation" has a talk the cybernetic point of
view
> as addition of a universal feedback " on deviations(rejections) " (market
> mechanism) with the mechanism of the perfect regulator on indignations
that
> shows even more rigid requirements to parameters of information system
> 
> 3  Russia has a powerful mental potential, and revival of interest to the
exact
> sciences today is observed. So growth of competition is registered in 1999
> for receipt in MFTI where at all faculties modern information technologies
> are actively studied and where on faculty of the general(common) and
> applied physics combined teams in physics practically all countries of the
> CIS acted. Besides in Russia traditions of scientific schools which are
closely
> connected to new directions of development IT are strong. So, in
particular,
> "school Shrejdera" has arisen on a basis of "school Ljubishcheva"
> 
> all this creates preconditions for an output(exit) of Russia in leaders of
the
> future information technologies. Russia yet very much follows those rules
of
> law of protection of the intellectual property which Networks in
conditions
> demand radical reorganization. In other words, it is easier to country to
leave
> in new kiberprostranstvo. At last, Russia yet so is strongly spoiled by
that
> false structures of needs(requirements) against which the Roman Club and
> which crisis acts is predicted by 2015, and one of the important factors
of
> smoothing of an acuteness(a witticism) of this crisis just and is creation
of "
> nervous system "
> 
> There Is a business for "small" - behind interest to IT on the part of the
state
> and business circles
> 
> About the author
> 
> Leonid Ototsky- the main expert of the centre of the management
> information SYSTEM of Magnitogorsk metallurgical combine. With it(him) it
> is possible to communicate by e-mail to the addressleo@mmk.ru
> 
> the Literature
> 
> [1] Norbert Viner. " Cybernetics and a society ", M.: Publishing house of
the foreign
> literature, 1958 (Per. With angl. N. Wiener. Cybernetics and society (The
human use
> of human Beings), London, 1954)
> [2] Oracle Magazine ¹ 1, 2000, www.oracle.com/oramag
> [3] SHrejder Þ. " Social aspects of computer science ", the scientific and
Technical
> information, a Series 2, ¹ 1, 1989
> [4] Anan'in Â. " the Intranet as the tool of corporate management ",
"SUBD", ¹ 3-4,
> 1997
> [5] Przhijalkovsky Vladimir. " Magic of new programming ", Computerworld
to the
> Russia / director of information service, ¹ 3, 2000
> [6] Knorina L.V.& " the Nature of a word in Universal Language of Newton
", the
> scientific and Technical information, a Series 2, ¹ 9, 1994
> [7] Panova N.S., Shrejder J.A., " the Principle of a duality in the theory
of
> classification ", the scientific and Technical information, a Series 2,
1975
> [8] Cóïïåñ P, Zines Ð., Bases of the theory of measurements. In sb. "
Psychological
> measurements ", M.: "World", 1967
> [9] Ototsky Leonid. " Architecture of system of the large enterprise - a
strategic

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